The main poles of the earth. The movement of the earth's magnetic poles. The South Pole is colder than the North Pole

It would seem that a strange hobby is to travel to the poles of our planet. However, for the Swedish entrepreneur Frederik Paulsen, this has become a real passion. He spent thirteen years to visit all eight poles of the Earth, becoming the first and so far the only person to do so.

Achieving each of them is a real adventure!

Geographic South Pole - a point located above the geographic axis of rotation of the Earth

The geographic South Pole is marked by a small sign on a pole driven into the ice, which is moved annually to compensate for the movement of the ice sheet. During the solemn event, which takes place on January 1, a new sign of the South Pole, made by polar explorers last year, is installed, and the old one is placed at the station. The sign contains the inscription "Geographic south pole", NSF, date and latitude of installation. The sign, erected in 2006, was engraved with the date when Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott reached the Pole, and small quotes from these polar explorers. The flag of the United States is placed next to it.

Close to the geographic South Pole is the so-called ceremonial South Pole - a special area set aside for photography by the Amundsen-Scott station. It is a mirrored metal sphere, standing on a stand, surrounded on all sides by the flags of the countries of the Antarctic Treaty.

June 1903. Roald Amundsen (left, wearing a hat) makes an expedition on a small sailboat

Gyoa to find the Northwest Passage and pinpoint the exact location of the north magnetic pole along the way.

It was first opened in 1831. In 1904, when scientists took measurements a second time, it was found that the pole had moved 31 miles. The compass needle points to the magnetic pole, not the geographic one. The study showed that over the past thousand years, the magnetic pole has moved over considerable distances in the direction from Canada to Siberia, but sometimes in other directions.

The geographic coordinates of the North Pole are 90°00′00″ north latitude. The pole has no longitude, since it is the point of intersection of all meridians. The North Pole also does not belong to any time zone. The polar day, like the polar night, here lasts for about half a year. The depth of the ocean at the North Pole is 4,261 meters (according to measurements by the Mir deep-sea submersible in 2007). The average temperature at the North Pole in winter is about −40 °C, in summer it is mostly around 0 °C.

This is the north pole of the dipole moment of the Earth's geomagnetic field. Now it is located at the point 78° 30′ N, 69° W, near Tul (Greenland). The earth is a giant magnet, like a bar magnet. The geomagnetic North and South Poles are the ends of this magnet. The north geomagnetic pole is located in the Canadian Arctic and continues to move in a northwesterly direction.

The North Pole of Inaccessibility is the northernmost point in the Arctic Ocean and the farthest from the earth on all sides

The North Pole of Inaccessibility is located in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean at the greatest distance from any land. The distance to the North Geographic Pole is 661 km, to Cape Barrow in Alaska - 1453 km and at an equal distance of 1094 km from the nearest islands - Ellesmere and Franz Josef Land. The first attempt to reach the point was made by Sir Hubert Wilkins by plane in 1927. In 1941, the first expedition to the Pole of Inaccessibility was carried out by plane under the leadership of Ivan Ivanovich Cherevichny. The Soviet expedition landed 350 km north of Wilkins, thereby being the first to directly visit the north pole of inaccessibility.

The south magnetic pole is the point on the earth's surface where the earth's magnetic field is directed upward.

People first visited the South Magnetic Pole on January 16, 1909 (British Antarctic Expedition, Douglas Mawson located the pole).

At the magnetic pole itself, the inclination of the magnetic needle, that is, the angle between the freely rotating needle and the earth's surface, is 90º. From a physical point of view, the South magnetic pole of the Earth is actually the north pole of the magnet, which is our planet. The north pole of a magnet is the pole from which the magnetic field lines emerge. But to avoid confusion, this pole is called the south pole, since it is close to the South Pole of the Earth. The magnetic pole is moving several kilometers a year.

At the South geomagnetic pole, which was first reached by a sledge-tractor train of the Second Soviet Antarctic Expedition led by A.F. Treshnikov on December 16, 1957, the Vostok research station was established. The South geomagnetic pole turned out to be at an altitude of 3500 m above sea level, at a point 1410 km away from the Mirny station located on the coast. This is one of the harshest places on Earth. Here, the air temperature for more than six months a year is below -60 ° C. In August 1960, an air temperature of 88.3 ° C was recorded at the South Geomagnetic Pole, and in July 1984 a new record low temperature was 89.2 ° C.

The South Pole of Inaccessibility is the point in Antarctica, the furthest from the coast of the Southern Ocean.

This is the point in Antarctica, the most distant from the coast of the Southern Ocean. There is no general opinion about the specific coordinates of this place. The problem is how to understand the word "coast". Either draw a coastline along the border of land and water, or along the border of the ocean and ice shelves of Antarctica. Difficulties in determining the boundaries of land, the movement of ice shelves, the constant flow of new data and possible topographical errors, all this makes it difficult to accurately determine the coordinates of the pole. The Pole of Inaccessibility is often associated with the Soviet Antarctic station of the same name, located at 82°06′ S. sh. 54°58′ E e. This point is located at a distance of 878 km from the south pole and 3718 m above sea level. Currently, the building is still located in this place, a statue of Lenin is installed on it, looking at Moscow. The place is protected as historical. Inside the building is a visitor's book, which can be signed by a person who has reached the station. By 2007, the station was covered with snow, and only the statue of Lenin on the roof of the building is still visible. You can see it for miles.

Information about the poles of the Earth should be known to many. To do this, we advise you to read the article below! Here is the basic information about what the poles are, how they change, as well as interesting facts about who discovered the North Pole and how.

Basic information

What is a pole? By generally accepted standards, the geographic pole is a point located on the surface of the Earth and the axis of rotation of the planet intersecting with it. There are two geographic terrestrial poles in total. The North Pole is located in the Arctic, it is located in the central part of the Arctic Ocean. The second, but already the South Pole, is located in Antarctica.

But what is a pole? The geographic pole has no longitude, because all the meridians converge in it. The North Pole is located at a latitude of +90 degrees, the South Pole, in contrast, at -90 degrees. Geographic poles also do not have cardinal directions. In these areas of the globe there is neither day nor night, that is, there is no change of day. This is due to the lack of their participation in the daily rotation of the Earth.

Geographic data and what is a pole?

The poles have a very low temperature, because the Sun cannot fully reach those edges and the angle of its rise is no more than 23.5 degrees. The location of the poles is not exact (it is considered to be conditional), because the Earth's axis is constantly in motion, therefore, at the poles there is a certain movement of a certain number of meters annually.

How did you find the pole?

Frederick Cook and claimed to be the first among those who managed to reach this point - the North Pole. It happened in 1909. The public and the US Congress recognized the primacy of Robert Peary. But these data have remained officially and scientifically confirmed. After these travelers and scientists, there were absolutely many more campaigns and studies that have already been imprinted in world history.

Ecology

The polar regions of the Earth are the most severe places on our planet.

For centuries, people have tried at the cost of life and health to get and explore the Arctic and the Arctic Circle.

So what have we learned about the two opposite poles of the Earth?

1. Where is the North and South Pole: 4 types of poles

In fact, there are 4 types of the North Pole in terms of science:

north magnetic pole point on the earth's surface to which magnetic compasses are directed

north geographic pole- located directly above the geographic axis of the Earth

North geomagnetic pole- linked to the earth's magnetic axis

North Pole of Inaccessibility- the northernmost point in the Arctic Ocean and the farthest from the earth on all sides

4 types of South Pole were also established:

south magnetic pole point on the earth's surface where the earth's magnetic field is directed upward

south geographic pole- a point located above the geographic axis of rotation of the Earth

South geomagnetic pole- linked to Earth's magnetic axis in the southern hemisphere

South Pole of Inaccessibility- a point in Antarctica, the most distant from the coast of the Southern Ocean.

In addition, there ceremonial south pole– area designated for photography at Amundsen-Scott station. It is located a few meters from the geographic south pole, but since the ice sheet is constantly moving, the mark shifts every year by 10 meters.

2. Geographic North and South Pole: ocean versus continent

The North Pole is essentially a frozen ocean surrounded by continents. In contrast, the South Pole is a continent surrounded by oceans.

In addition to the Arctic Ocean, the Arctic region (North Pole) includes part of Canada, Greenland, Russia, USA, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland.

The southernmost point of the earth - Antarctica is the fifth, largest continent, with an area of ​​​​14 million square meters. km, 98 percent of which is covered by glaciers. It is surrounded by the South Pacific Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Geographic coordinates of the North Pole: 90 degrees north latitude.

Geographical coordinates of the South Pole: 90 degrees south latitude.

All lines of longitude converge at both poles.

3. The South Pole is colder than the North Pole

The South Pole is much colder than the North Pole. The temperature in Antarctica (South Pole) is so low that in some places on this continent the snow never melts.

The average annual temperature in this area is -58 degrees Celsius in winter, and the highest temperature was recorded here in 2011 and amounted to -12.3 degrees Celsius.

In contrast, the average annual temperature in the Arctic region (North Pole) is – 43 degrees Celsius in winter and about 0 degrees in summer.

There are several reasons why the South Pole is colder than the North. Since Antarctica is a huge landmass, it receives little heat from the ocean. In contrast, the ice in the Arctic region is relatively thin and there is an entire ocean underneath, which moderates the temperature. In addition, Antarctica is located on a hill at an altitude of 2.3 km and the air here is colder than in the Arctic Ocean, which is at sea level.

4. There is no time at the poles

Time is determined by longitude. So, for example, when the Sun is directly above us, local time shows noon. However, at the poles, all lines of longitude intersect, and the Sun rises and sets only once a year on the equinoxes.

For this reason, scientists and explorers at the poles use the time of any time zone which they like best. As a rule, they are guided by Greenwich Mean Time or the time zone of the country from which they arrived.

Scientists at Amundsen-Scott Station in Antarctica can do a quick run around the world by walking 24 time zones in a few minutes.

5. Animals of the North and South Pole

Many people have the misconception that polar bears and penguins are in the same habitat.

In fact, penguins live only in the southern hemisphere - in Antarctica where they have no natural enemies. If polar bears and penguins lived in the same area, polar bears wouldn't have to worry about their food source.

Among the marine animals of the South Pole are whales, porpoises and seals.

Polar bears, in turn, are the largest predators in the northern hemisphere.. They live in the northern part of the Arctic Ocean and feed on seals, walruses and sometimes even beached whales.

In addition, animals such as reindeer, lemmings, foxes, wolves, as well as marine animals such as beluga whales, killer whales, sea otters, seals, walruses and more than 400 known species of fish live at the North Pole.

6. No Man's Land

Despite the fact that many flags of different countries can be seen at the South Pole in Antarctica, this the only place on earth that doesn't belong to anyone, and where there is no indigenous population.

There is an agreement on Antarctica, according to which the territory and its resources must be used exclusively for peaceful and scientific purposes. Scientists, explorers, and geologists are the only people who set foot on Antarctica from time to time.

Against, More than 4 million people live in the Arctic Circle in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia and Russia.

7. Polar night and polar day

The Earth's poles are unique places where the longest day, which lasts 178 days, and the longest night, which lasts 187 days.

At the poles, there is only one sunrise and one sunset per year. At the North Pole, the Sun begins to rise in March on the vernal equinox and sets in September on the autumn equinox. At the South Pole, on the contrary, sunrise is during the autumn equinox, and sunset is on the day of the vernal equinox.

In summer, the Sun is always above the horizon here, and the South Pole receives sunlight around the clock. In winter, the Sun is below the horizon when there is 24-hour darkness.

8. Conquerors of the North and South Pole

Many travelers tried to get to the poles of the Earth, losing their lives on the way to these extreme points of our planet.

Who first reached the North Pole?

There have been several expeditions to the North Pole since the 18th century. There is controversy over who reached the North Pole first. In 1908, American traveler Frederick Cook became the first to claim to have reached the North Pole. But his compatriot Robert Peary refuted this statement, and on April 6, 1909, he officially began to be considered the first conqueror of the North Pole.

First flight over the North Pole: Norwegian traveler Roald Amundsen and Humberto Nobile on May 12, 1926 on the airship "Norway"

First submarine at the North Pole: nuclear submarine "Nautilus" 3 August 1956

First solo trip to the North Pole: Japanese Naomi Uemura, April 29, 1978, traveled 725 km on a dog sled in 57 days

First ski expedition: expedition of Dmitry Shparo, May 31, 1979. Participants walked 1,500 km in 77 days.

First to cross the North Pole: Lewis Gordon Pugh covered 1 km in -2 degrees Celsius water in July 2007.

Who first reached the South Pole?

The first conquerors of the South Pole were the Norwegian traveler Roald Amundsen and British explorer Robert Scott, after whom the first station at the South Pole, Amundsen-Scott Station, was named. Both teams went different ways and reached the South Pole with a difference of several weeks, the first was Amundsen on December 14, 1911, and then R. Scott on January 17, 1912.

First flight over the South Pole: American Richard Baird, in 1928

First to cross Antarctica without the use of animals and mechanical transport: Arvid Fuchs and Reinold Meissner, December 30, 1989

9. North and South Magnetic Pole of the Earth

The Earth's magnetic poles are related to the Earth's magnetic field. They are in the north and south, but do not coincide with geographic poles, as the magnetic field of our planet is changing. Unlike geographic, magnetic poles shift.

The north magnetic pole is not exactly in the arctic region, but moving east at a rate of 10-40 km per year, since the underground molten metals and charged particles from the Sun influence the magnetic field. The South Magnetic Pole is still in Antarctica, but it is also moving westward at a rate of 10-15 km per year.

Some scientists believe that one day a change in the magnetic poles can occur, and this can lead to the destruction of the Earth. However, the reversal of the magnetic poles has already occurred, hundreds of times over the past 3 billion years, and this has not led to any dire consequences.

10. Melting ice at the poles

Ice in the Arctic at the North Pole tends to melt in the summer and refreeze in the winter. However, in recent years, the ice cap has been melting at a very rapid pace.

Many researchers believe that already by the end of the century, and maybe in a few decades, the Arctic zone will remain without ice.

On the other hand, the Antarctic region at the South Pole contains 90 percent of the world's ice. Ice thickness in Antarctica averages 2.1 km. If all the ice of Antarctica melted, sea ​​levels worldwide would rise by 61 meters.

Fortunately, this will not happen in the near future.

Some interesting facts about the North and South Pole:

1. There is an annual tradition at Amundsen-Scott Station at the South Pole. After the last food plane leaves, explorers watch two horror movies: the film "The Thing" (about an alien creature that kills the inhabitants of a polar station in Antarctica) and the film "The Shining" (about a writer who is in an empty remote hotel in winter)

2. Arctic tern bird makes a record flight from the Arctic to Antarctica every year flying more than 70,000 km.

3. Kaffeklubben Island - a small island in the north of Greenland is considered a piece of land that is located closest to the North Pole 707 km from it.

The Earth has two north poles (geographic and magnetic), both of which are in the Arctic region.

Geographic North Pole

The northernmost point on the Earth's surface is the geographic North Pole, also known as True North. It is located at 90º north latitude but does not have a specific line of longitude because all meridians converge at the poles. The axis of the Earth connects the north and, and is a conditional line around which our planet rotates.

The geographic North Pole is located about 725 km (450 miles) north of Greenland, in the middle of the Arctic Ocean, which is 4,087 meters deep at this point. Most of the time, sea ice covers the North Pole, but recently water has been seen around the exact location of the pole.

All points are south! If you are standing at the North Pole, all points are located to the south of you (east and west do not matter at the North Pole). While a full rotation of the Earth occurs in 24 hours, the planet's rotation speed decreases as it moves away from, where it is about 1670 km per hour, and at the North Pole, there is practically no rotation.

The lines of longitude (meridians) that define our time zones are so close to the North Pole that time zones don't make sense here. Thus, the Arctic region uses the UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) standard to determine local time.

Due to the tilt of the earth's axis, the North Pole experiences six months of round-the-clock daylight from March 21 to September 21 and six months of darkness from September 21 to March 21.

Magnetic North Pole

Located approximately 400 km (250 miles) south of the true North Pole, and as of 2017 lies within 86.5°N and 172.6°W.

This place is not fixed and is constantly moving, even on a daily basis. The magnetic North Pole of the Earth is the center of the planet's magnetic field and the point to which conventional magnetic compasses point. The compass is also subject to magnetic declination, which is the result of changes in the Earth's magnetic field.

Due to the constant shifts of the magnetic N Pole and the planet's magnetic field, when using a magnetic compass for navigation, it is necessary to understand the difference between magnetic north and true north.

The magnetic pole was first determined in 1831, hundreds of kilometers from its present location. The Canadian National Geomagnetic Program monitors the movement of the magnetic North Pole.

The magnetic North Pole is constantly moving. Every day there is an elliptical movement of the magnetic pole about 80 km from its central point. On average, it moves about 55-60 km every year.

Who first reached the North Pole?

Robert Peary, his partner Matthew Henson, and four Inuit are believed to be the first people to reach the geographic North Pole on April 9, 1909 (although many assume they missed the exact North Pole by several kilometers).
In 1958, the United States nuclear submarine Nautilus was the first ship to cross the North Pole. Today, dozens of aircraft fly over the North Pole, carrying out flights between continents.

In the subpolar regions of the Earth there are magnetic poles, in the Arctic - the North Pole, and in the Antarctic - the South Pole.

The North Magnetic Pole of the Earth was discovered by the English polar explorer John Ross in 1831 in the Canadian archipelago, where the magnetic needle of the compass took a vertical position. Ten years later, in 1841, his nephew James Ross reached the other magnetic pole of the Earth, which is located in Antarctica.

The North Magnetic Pole is a conditional point of intersection of the imaginary axis of rotation of the Earth with its surface in the Northern Hemisphere, in which the Earth's magnetic field is directed at an angle of 90 ° to its surface.

Although the North Pole of the Earth is called the North Magnetic Pole, it is not. Because from the point of view of physics, this pole is "south" (plus), because it attracts the compass needle of the north (minus) pole.

In addition, the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic ones, because they are constantly shifting, drifting.

Academic science explains the presence of magnetic poles at the Earth by the fact that the Earth has a solid body, the substance of which contains particles of magnetic metals and inside which there is a red-hot iron core.

And one of the reasons for the movement of the poles, according to scientists, is the Sun. Streams of charged particles from the Sun entering the Earth's magnetosphere generate electric currents in the ionosphere, which in turn generate secondary magnetic fields that excite the Earth's magnetic field. Due to this, there is a daily elliptical movement of the magnetic poles.

Also, according to scientists, the movement of magnetic poles is influenced by local magnetic fields generated by the magnetization of the rocks of the earth's crust. Therefore, there is no exact location within 1 km of the magnetic pole.

The most dramatic shift of the North magnetic pole up to 15 km per year took place in the 70s (before 1971 it was 9 km per year). The South Pole behaves more calmly, the shift of the magnetic pole occurs within 4-5 km per year.

If we consider the Earth to be integral, filled with matter, with an iron hot core inside, then a contradiction arises. Because hot iron loses its magnetism. Therefore, such a core cannot form terrestrial magnetism.

And at the earth's poles, no magnetic substance has been found that would create a magnetic anomaly. And if magnetic matter can still lie under the thickness of ice in Antarctica, then at the North Pole - no. Because it is covered by the ocean, water, which has no magnetic properties.

The movement of the magnetic poles cannot be explained at all by the scientific theory of an integral material Earth, because the magnetic substance cannot change its occurrence so quickly inside the Earth.

The scientific theory about the influence of the Sun on the movement of the poles also has contradictions. How can solar charged matter get into the ionosphere and to the Earth if there are several radiation belts behind the ionosphere (7 belts are now open).

As is known from the properties of the radiation belts, they do not release from the Earth into space and do not let any particles of matter or energy into the Earth from space. Therefore, it is absurd to talk about the influence of the solar wind on the earth's magnetic poles, since this wind does not reach them.

What can create a magnetic field? It is known from physics that a magnetic field is formed around a conductor through which an electric current flows, or around a permanent magnet, or by the spins of charged particles that have a magnetic moment.

From the listed reasons for the formation of a magnetic field, the spin theory is suitable. Because, as already mentioned, there is no permanent magnet at the poles, there is no electric current either. But the spin origin of the magnetism of the earth's poles is possible.

The spin origin of magnetism is based on the fact that elementary particles with non-zero spin such as protons, neutrons and electrons are elementary magnets. Taking the same angular orientation, such elementary particles create an ordered spin (or torsion) and magnetic field.

The source of the ordered torsion field can be located inside the hollow Earth. And it can be plasma.

In this case, at the North Pole there is an exit to the earth's surface of an ordered positive (right-sided) torsion field, and at the South Pole - an ordered negative (left-sided) torsion field.

In addition, these fields are also dynamic torsion fields. This proves that the Earth generates information, that is, it thinks, thinks and feels.

Now the question arises why the climate has changed so dramatically at the Earth's poles - from a subtropical climate to a polar climate - and ice is constantly forming? Although recently there has been a slight acceleration in the melting of ice.

Huge icebergs appear out of nowhere. The sea does not give birth to them: the water in it is salty, and icebergs, without exception, consist of fresh water. If we assume that they appeared as a result of rain, then the question arises: “How can insignificant precipitation - less than five centimeters of precipitation per year - form such ice giants, which are, for example, in Antarctica?

The formation of ice on the earth's poles once again proves the Hollow Earth theory, because ice is a continuation of the process of crystallization and covering the earth's surface with matter.

Natural ice is a crystalline state of water with a hexagonal lattice, where each molecule is surrounded by the four closest molecules to it, which are at the same distance from it and are located at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron.

Natural ice is of sedimentary-metamorphic origin and is formed from solid atmospheric precipitation as a result of their further compaction and recrystallization. That is, the formation of ice does not come from the middle of the Earth, but from the surrounding space - the crystalline earth frame that envelops it.

In addition, everything that is at the poles has an increase in weight. Although the increase in weight is not that big, for example, 1 ton weighs 5 kg more. That is, everything that is at the poles undergoes crystallization.

Let's go back to the issue of magnetic poles not matching geographic poles. The geographic pole is the place where the earth's axis is located - an imaginary axis of rotation that passes through the center of the Earth and intersects the earth's surface with coordinates of 0 ° north and south longitude and 0 ° north and south latitude. The earth's axis is tilted 23°30" to its own orbit.

Obviously, at the beginning, the earth's axis coincided with the earth's magnetic pole, and in this place an ordered torsion field appeared on the earth's surface. But along with an ordered torsion field, a gradual crystallization of the surface layer occurred, which led to the formation of matter and its gradual accumulation.

The formed substance tried to cover the point of intersection of the earth's axis, but its rotation did not allow it to be done. Therefore, a trough was formed around the intersection point, which increased in diameter and depth. And along the edge of the gutter, at a certain point, an ordered torsion field was concentrated, and at the same time a magnetic field.

This point with an ordered torsion field and a magnetic field crystallized a certain space and increased its weight. Therefore, it began to play the role of a flywheel or pendulum, which provided and now ensures the continuous rotation of the earth's axis. As soon as there are small failures in the rotation of the axis, the magnetic pole changes its position - it approaches the axis of rotation, then it moves away.

And this process of ensuring the continuous rotation of the earth's axis is not the same at the earth's magnetic poles, so they cannot be connected by a straight line through the center of the earth. To make it clear, for example, let's take the coordinates of the earth's magnetic poles for several years.

North Magnetic Pole - Arctic
2004 - 82.3° N sh. and 113.4°W d.
2007 - 83.95 ° N sh. and 120.72° W. d.
2015 - 86.29° N sh. and 160.06° W d.

South Magnetic Pole - Antarctica
2004 - 63.5 ° S sh. and 138.0° E. d.
2007 - 64.497 ° S sh. and 137.684° E. d.
2015 - 64.28 ° S sh. and 136.59° E. d.